A Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack is mounted with the objective of causing a negative impact on the performance of a computer or network. It is also known as network saturation attack or bandwidth consumption attack. Attackers perform DoS attacks by sending a large number of protocol packets to a network. The problems caused by a DoS attack are as follows:
* l Saturation of network resources
* l Disruption of connections between two computers, thereby preventing communications between services
* l Disruption of services to a specific computer
* l Failure to access a Web site
* l Increase in the amount of spam
Which of the following can be used as countermeasures against DoS attacks?
Each correct answer represents a complete solution. Choose all that apply.

Which of the following controls is described in the statement given below?
"It ensures that the enforcement of organizational security policy does not rely on voluntary web application user compliance. It secures information by assigning sensitivity labels on information and comparing this to the level of security a user is operating at."

Andrew, a bachelor student of Faulkner University, creates a gmail account. He uses 'Faulkner' as the password for the gmail account. After a few days, he starts receiving a lot of e-mails stating that his gmail account has been hacked. He also finds that some of his important mails have been deleted by someone. Which of the following methods has the attacker used to crack Andrew's password?
Each correct answer represents a complete solution. Choose all that apply.

Adam works as a Security Administrator for Umbrella Technology Inc. He reported a breach in security to his senior
members, stating that "security defenses has been breached and exploited for 2 weeks by hackers." The hackers had
accessed and downloaded 50,000 addresses containing customer credit cards and passwords. Umbrella Technology
was looking to law enforcement officials to protect their intellectual property.
The intruder entered through an employee's home machine, which was connected to Umbrella
Technology's corporate VPN network. The application called BEAST Trojan was used in the attack to open a "back
door" allowing the hackers undetected access. The security breach was discovered when customers complained about
the usage of their credit cards without their knowledge.
The hackers were traced back to Shanghai, China through e-mail address evidence. The credit card information was
sent to that same e-mail address. The passwords allowed the hackers to access Umbrella Technology's network from a
remote location, posing as employees.
Which of the following actions can Adam perform to prevent such attacks from occurring in future?

Which of the following actions is performed by the netcat command given below?
nc 55555 < /etc/passwd