# Reference: CISI Code of Ethics, CFA Standards of Professional Conduct.

Mutual funds (also known as open-ended investment funds) transact once per day, at the fund's Net Asset Value (NAV).
* Why is Option A Correct?
* Mutual funds pool investor money and invest in a diversified portfolio.
* Investors buy or sell shares at the NAV, which is calculated at the end of each trading day.
* Why Not Other Options?
* B (Investment trust) # A closed-ended fund that trades like a stock throughout the day.
* C (Split capital trust) # A type of investment trust, which trades on the stock exchange.
* D (Closed-ended fund) # Also trades on an exchange with prices determined by supply and demand.
# Reference: FCA Handbook (Fund Structures), CISI Wealth & Investment Management.

Private equity firms raise capital primarily from institutional investors such as pension funds, insurance companies, and sovereign wealth funds.
* Why is Option A Correct?
* Institutional investors provide large capital commitments for private equity funds.
* Private equity firms pool these funds to acquire and restructure companies.
* Why Not Other Options?
* B (Management buyouts) # A buyout strategy, not a funding source.
* C (Initial public offerings, IPOs) # Private equity firms exit investments through IPOs, but this is not a funding source.
* D (Placings) # Common in public equity markets, not private equity.
# Reference: CFA Institute (Private Equity Structures), CISI Wealth & Investment Management.

* Central Bank Actions with Foreign Reserves
* Central banks use foreign reserves to intervene in currency markets to stabilize or influence their nation's currency exchange rate.
* This can involve buying or selling foreign currencies.
* Why the Answer is C
* Currency interventions aim to manage exchange rate volatility, maintain competitiveness, or stabilize the currency during economic shocks.
* Why Other Options are Incorrect
* A. Inflation: Not directly controlled through currency market interventions.
* B. Money supply: Managed through monetary policy tools like open market operations.
* D. Short-term interest rates: Controlled through domestic monetary policy, not foreign reserves.
* ICWIM Study Guide, Chapter on Monetary Policy: Explains the use of foreign reserves for currency stabilization.
* Central Banking Principles: Discusses currency interventions.
ReferencesThus, the correct answer isC. To influence the nation's currency.

Commodities (e.g., gold, oil, agricultural products) are not covered by insider dealing regulations, as they are physical assets rather than securities.
* Why Are Commodities Exempt?
* Insider trading laws apply to securities markets, not physical goods.
* Price movements in commodities are driven by supply and demand, not company disclosures.
* Regulation of Commodities:
* While insider trading rules don't apply, market manipulation laws still govern commodities (e.
g., FCA MAR rules).
# Reference: FCA Market Abuse Regulation (MAR), CISI Wealth & Investment Management.