According to the outline of a possible e-commerce audit protocol for key areas given in PA 2100-6, the internal auditor should be alert for the following conditions with respect to fraud:
Unauthorized movement of money e.g., transfers to jurisdictions where the recovery of funds would be difficult).
Duplication of payments.
Denial of orders placed or received, goods received, or payments made.
Exception reports and procedures and effectiveness of the follow-up.
Digital signatures: Are they used for all transactions? Who authorizes them? Who has access to them?
Protections against viruses and hacking activities history file, use of tools).
Access rights: Are they reviewed regularly? Are they promptly revised when staff members are changed? History of interception of transactions by unauthorized persons.

Because the range of values is between-1 and 1.-89 suggests a very strong inverse relationship between the independent and dependent variables. A value of -1 signifies a
perfect inverse relationship, and a value of 1 signifies a perfect direct relationship.

Inspecting goods after completion of the production process and counting defective goods returned by customers are product quality procedures. They measure the level of product conformance with customer expectations. Verifying materials and machinery specifications are process quality procedures because they emphasize the inputs to the process and the process itself.

A parent-subsidiary relationship arises from an effective investment in the stock of another enterprise in the stock of 50%. The financial statements for the two companies ordinarily should be presented on a consolidated basis. To the extent the corporation is not wholly-owned, a noncontrolling interest is presented.