Closed questions are effective for concluding negotiations, as they often elicit straightforward yes-or-no responses, helping to finalize terms and confirm agreement on specific points. This approach facilitates a clear and concise close to discussions, ensuring that both parties confirm their commitment to the agreed terms, as recommended by CIPS negotiation strategies.

Explanation
Power, or more precisely perceptions of power,are critically important in understanding the commercial negotiation process. From a commercial negotiation point of view (under any circumstances, either integrative or distributive approach), CIPS is interested in power from both a personal and organisational perspective.
When you are negotiating on behalf of your employer, you bring the power of your organisation (its brand, reputation and purchasing spend) as well your own personal power (6 sources of personal power, based on French and Raven's power base model) to the negotiation.
In both integrative and distributive approaches, personal power plays an important role. It helps both parties push through negotiating barriers and secure commitment and final agreement LO 1, AC 1.3

Variable costs change in proportion to production volume, such as packaging, raw materials, and delivery.
Fixed costs (rent, insurance, loan repayments) remain constant regardless of output. Recognising the difference is crucial when negotiating supplier pricing, as variable costs are often more open to tradeable adjustments (e.g., bulk discounts). Buyers who understand cost structures can challenge inflated fixed allocations or negotiate on genuine variable elements. This knowledge is vital in price breakdown discussions and in cost-modelling negotiations.
Reference: CIPS L4M5 (2nd ed.), LO 2.2 - Cost structures: fixed vs variable costs in negotiation preparation.

Explanation
Avoiding is unassertive and uncooperative. When avoiding, an individual does not immediately pursue his or her own concerns or those of the other person. He or she does not address the conflict. Avoiding might take the form of diplomatically sidestepping an issue, postponing an issue until a better time, or simply withdrawing from a threatening situation.
LO 1, AC 1.1