:
There are 5 key phases of negotiation:
The opening phase: confirm understanding and get the issue on the table The testing phase: check assumption and confirm understanding The proposing phase: asking 'if' The bargaining phase: using tradeables The agreement and closing phase The testing could take the form of questions following a presentation by either side or questions on a tender or proposal document received by the buyer from the potential supplier. The testing phase is necessary to confirm that your approach and objectives are appropriate for the negotiation situation you now find yourself in. Careful listening, observation and interpretation of TOP's responses may give indication of the following:
Areas where TOP is willing and unwilling to make concessions
What factors or issues TOP places a high value on
If there are any non-commercial or emotional factors that may be pertinent TOP's underlying interests - why they are taking the position they are.

By removing the requirement for named personnel, CDL could allow the supplier flexibility in allocating equally competent but possibly less expensive staff. This tradeable does not compromise on quality but helps control costs.
Reference: L4M5 Commercial Negotiation 2nd edition (CORE), Section 3.2 - Using Tradeables in Negotiation

All one-to-one commercial negotiations between a specific purchaser and a specific supplier take place within an industrial market and a larger business environment characterised by multiple forces which both parties typically have little control over. STEEPLE framework highlights the 6 main external influences on a business:
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Particularly, pharmaceutical industry is a heavily regulated sector, therefore, legal and regulatory matters in the industry is highly important. Otherwise, technological trends also permeate into pharmaceutical companies, technologies like digitalisation may transform the balance of power in such negotiation.
LO 1, AC 1.3

Reference: CIPS L4M5 Study Guide, Section 2.2 - Cost and Price Analysis

A supply curve will slope upward from left to right showing more supply at higher prices, as illustrated in the graph below:
A movement along the supply curve will be brought about by a change in price, but a shift of the whole curve will be caused by a determinant other than price:
- The physical feasibility and time and energy required to produce the products
- Technology and innovation
- The objectives of the producers and their future expectations
- Prices of other goods and services
- Government's policies
LO 2, AC 2.2