The epiglottis is a fold of cartilaginous tissue located above the glottis in the pharynx. During normal swallowing the larynx moves upward and the epiglottis folds over the glottis. This prevents substances from entering the respiratory system.

Long bones possess a cartilaginous zone between the diaphysis (midsection) and the epiphysis (end) called the epiphyseal plate. During childhood this allows the bone to continue growing in length. At some point the cartilage ossifies (becomes bone tissue), leaving a line of demarcation, the epiphyseal line. This indicates the bone has reached its adult length and no further growth in length will occur. However, the bone can continue to grow in diameter.

The plasma membrane is made of two layers of fat molecules that contain phosphorus and is also known as the phospholipid bilayer.

There are two bones that make the shoulder girdle - the clavicle and the scapula.

The brachial plexus is a nerve bundle that supplies the arm and hand. The root of the nerve innervates the scalene muscles where a hypertonicity can compress the nerve plexus as well as the subclavian artery and vein.