* Definition of ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload):
* ESP is a part of the IPsec protocol suite used to provide confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of data. ESP encrypts the payload and optional ESP trailer, providing data confidentiality.
* ESP Functionality:
* ESP can encrypt the entire IP packet, ensuring that the data within the packet is secure from interception or eavesdropping. It also provides options for data integrity and authentication.
* ESP operates in two modes: transport mode (encrypts only the payload of the IP packet) and tunnel mode (encrypts the entire IP packet).
* Comparison with Other Protocols:
* AH (Authentication Header): Provides data integrity and authentication but does not encrypt the payload.
* GRE (Generic Routing Encapsulation): A tunneling protocol that does not provide encryption.
* UDP (User Datagram Protocol) and TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): These are transport layer protocols that do not inherently provide encryption. Encryption must be provided by additional protocols like TLS/SSL.
* Use Cases:
* ESP is widely used in VPNs (Virtual Private Networks) to ensure secure communication over untrusted networks like the internet.
References:
* CompTIA Network+ study materials on IPsec and encryption.

Reference: CompTIA Network+ Certification Exam Objectives - Network Security section.

The three-tier hierarchical model in network design consists of three layers: access, distribution, and core. The access layer is where devices like PCs and printers connect to the network. The distribution layer aggregates the data received from the access layer switches before it is transmitted to the core layer, which is responsible for high-speed data transfer and routing. This approach improves scalability and performance in larger networks. References: CompTIA Network+ Exam Objectives and official study guides.

A signal power of -97dB indicates a very weak signal, which can cause connectivity issues and slow speeds. Splitters on a coaxial line can degrade the signal quality further, so removing them can help improve the signal strength and overall connection quality.
Signal Quality: Splitters can reduce the signal strength by dividing the signal among multiple lines, which can be detrimental when the signal is already weak.
Direct Connection: Ensuring a direct connection from the modem to the incoming line can maximize signal quality and reduce potential points of failure.
Network Reference:
CompTIA Network+ N10-007 Official Certification Guide: Discusses troubleshooting connectivity issues and the impact of signal strength on network performance.
Cisco Networking Academy: Provides insights on maintaining optimal signal quality in network setups.
Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide: Covers common network issues, including those related to signal degradation and ways to mitigate them.