Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
(A) A side effect of epinephrine is fatal ventricular fibrillation owing to its effects on cardiac stimulation. (B) Medications used to treat asthma are designed to decrease bronchospasm, not to increase expectorate of secretions. (C) Epinephrine decreased inspiratory difficulty by stimulating α-, β1, and β2-receptors causing sympathomimetic stimulation (e.g., bronchodilation). (D) The person with asthma fights to inspire sufficient air thus increasing respiratory rate.

Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
(A) This stage is from complete dilatation of the cervix to delivery of the fetus. (B) This is the correct stage for the definition. (C) This stage lasts for about 2 hours after the delivery of the placenta. (D) There is no fifth stage of labor.

(A) Amniocentesis can be performed to assess for lung maturity. Fetal ultrasound can be used for gestational dating, although it does not separately determine lung maturity. (B) Ultrasound can evaluate amniotic fluid volume, which may be used to determine congenital anomalies. (C) Amniocentesis involves removal of amniotic fluid for evaluation. The needle, inserted through the abdomen, is guided by ultrasound to avoid needle injuries, and the test evaluates the position of the placenta and the fetus. (D) Amniocentesis can be performed as early as the 15th-17th week of pregnancy.

Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
(A) The nurse may never discontinue a central line without a physician's order. (B) The nurse may never initiate a peripheral IV without a physician's order except in an emergency situation. (C) The nurse should always document findings and alert the physician to the findings as well. The physician may then initiate a new central line and order the current central line to be discontinued. (D) Besides cleaning and redressing, the nurse should always document the findings.

Explanation
(A) This statement is entirely false. (B) Phantom pain may be caused by nerves continuing to carry sensation to the brain even though the limb is removed. It is real, intense, and should be treated as ordinary pain would.
(C) Although the cause of phantom pain is still unknown, thesemeasures may promote the relief of any type of pain, not just phantom pain. (D) Phantom pain is not caused by trauma, spasms, and edema and will not be relieved by decreasing edema.