Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
(A) Patent ductus arteriosus repair is a closed-heart procedure. The client is not placed on a heart-lung machine. (B) Patent ductus arteriosus is a ductus arteriosus that does not close shortlyafter birth but remains patent. Repair is a closed-heart procedure involving ligation of the patent ductus arteriosus. (C) Coronary artery bypass graft surgery is an open-heart surgical procedure in which blocked coronary arteries are bypassed using vessel grafts. (D) Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty is a closedheart procedure that improves coronary blood flow by increasing the lumen size of narrowed vessels.

Section: Questions Set G
Explanation:
(A) The discomfort of photophobia is alleviated by dimming the lights. (B) Helping the child to breathe slowly and deeply may help to reduce anxiety, but it will not alleviate other discomforts of viral meningitis. (C) It is important to maintain fluid balance, but sips of warm liquids do not alleviate the discomforts of meningitis. (D) A large, soft pillow under her head causing neck flexion is likely to increase her discomfort owing to stretching of the meninges.

Section: Questions Set D
Explanation:
(A) An 18-gauge IV is an appropriate size for administering blood; however, client safety demands that the right blood product must be administered. (B) The consent form is legally necessary to be on the chart, but client safety is maintained by giving the correct blood component to the correct client. (C) Administering the correct blood product to the correct client will maintain physiological safety and minimize transfusion reactions. (D) The blood administration should take place over the ordered time frame designated by the physician.

(A) Anemia and vomiting are not cardinal signs of diabetes insipidus. (B) Polyuria and
polydipsia are the cardinal signs of diabetes insipidus. (C) Irritability relieved by feeding water, not formula, is a common sign, but not the cardinal sign, of diabetes insipidus. (D) Hypothermia and azotemia are signs, but not cardinal signs, of diabetes insipidus.

(A) Chest tubes are usually not necessary in a pneumonectomy because there is no lung to re-expand on the operative side. (B) The pneumonectomy client should be positioned on the back or operated side because the sutured bronchial stump may open, allowing fluid to drain into the unoperated side and drown the client. (C) The client should not have a pillow under the shoulder and back because of the subscapular incision. (D) Rales are commonly heard over the base of the remaining lung, but an increase could indicate circulatory overload and therefore should be closely monitored.