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Question 6
What is the most correct choice below when talking about the steps to resume normal operation at the primary site after the green light has been given by the salvage team?
Correct Answer: C
It's interesting to note that the steps to resume normal processing operations will be different than the steps of the recovery plan; that is, the least critical work should be brought back first to the primary site.
The most important point above in the steps would be to move the least critical items or resources back to the primary site first. This way you can ensure that the site was really
well prepared and that all is working fine.
Before that first step would be done, you would get the green light from the salvage team
that it is fine to move back to the primary site. The first step after getting the green light
would be to move the least critical elements first.
As stated in the Shon Harris book:
The least critical functions should be moved back first, so if there are issues in network
configurations or connectivity, or important steps were not carried out, the critical
operations of the company are not negatively affected. Why go through the trouble of
moving the most critical systems and operations to a safe and stable site, only to return it to
a main site that is untested? Let the less critical departments act as the canary. If they
survive, then move over the more critical components of the company.
When it is time for the company to move back into its original site or a new site, the
company enters the reconstitution phase. A company is not out of an emergency state until
it is back in operation at the original primary site or a new site that was constructed to
replace the primary site, because the company is always vulnerable while operating in a
backup facility.
Many logistical issues need to be considered as to when a company must return from the
alternate site to the original site. The following lists a few of these issues:
Ensuring the safety of employees
Ensuring an adequate environment is provided (power, facility infrastructure, water, HVAC)
Ensuring that the necessary equipment and supplies are present and in working order
Ensuring proper communications and connectivity methods are working
Properly testing the new environment
Once the coordinator, management, and salvage team sign off on the readiness of the
facility, the salvage team should carry out the following steps:
Back up data from the alternate site and restore it within the new facility.
Carefully terminate contingency operations.
Securely transport equipment and personnel to the new facility.
All other choices are not the correct answer.
Reference(s) used for this question:
Harris, Shon (2012-10-25). CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, 6th Edition (Kindle Location 19389). McGraw-Hill. Kindle Edition. and KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Page 290.
The most important point above in the steps would be to move the least critical items or resources back to the primary site first. This way you can ensure that the site was really
well prepared and that all is working fine.
Before that first step would be done, you would get the green light from the salvage team
that it is fine to move back to the primary site. The first step after getting the green light
would be to move the least critical elements first.
As stated in the Shon Harris book:
The least critical functions should be moved back first, so if there are issues in network
configurations or connectivity, or important steps were not carried out, the critical
operations of the company are not negatively affected. Why go through the trouble of
moving the most critical systems and operations to a safe and stable site, only to return it to
a main site that is untested? Let the less critical departments act as the canary. If they
survive, then move over the more critical components of the company.
When it is time for the company to move back into its original site or a new site, the
company enters the reconstitution phase. A company is not out of an emergency state until
it is back in operation at the original primary site or a new site that was constructed to
replace the primary site, because the company is always vulnerable while operating in a
backup facility.
Many logistical issues need to be considered as to when a company must return from the
alternate site to the original site. The following lists a few of these issues:
Ensuring the safety of employees
Ensuring an adequate environment is provided (power, facility infrastructure, water, HVAC)
Ensuring that the necessary equipment and supplies are present and in working order
Ensuring proper communications and connectivity methods are working
Properly testing the new environment
Once the coordinator, management, and salvage team sign off on the readiness of the
facility, the salvage team should carry out the following steps:
Back up data from the alternate site and restore it within the new facility.
Carefully terminate contingency operations.
Securely transport equipment and personnel to the new facility.
All other choices are not the correct answer.
Reference(s) used for this question:
Harris, Shon (2012-10-25). CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, 6th Edition (Kindle Location 19389). McGraw-Hill. Kindle Edition. and KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Page 290.
Question 7
What would BEST define risk management?
Correct Answer: C
Explanation/Reference:
This is the basic process of risk management.
Risk is the possibility of damage happening and the ramifications of such damage should it occur.
Information risk management (IRM) is the process of identifying and assessing risk, reducing it to an acceptable level, and implementing the right mechanisms to maintain that level. There is no such thing as a 100 percent secure environment. Every environment has vulnerabilities and threats to a certain degree.
The skill is in identifying these threats, assessing the probability of them actually occurring and the damage they could cause, and then taking the right steps to reduce the overall level of risk in the environment to what the organization identifies as acceptable.
Proper risk management requires a strong commitment from senior management, a documented process that supports the organization's mission, an information risk management (IRM) policy and a delegated IRM team. Once you've identified your company's acceptable level of risk, you need to develop an information risk management policy.
The IRM policy should be a subset of the organization's overall risk management policy (risks to a company include more than just information security issues) and should be mapped to the organizational security policies, which lay out the acceptable risk and the role of security as a whole in the organization.
The IRM policy is focused on risk management while the security policy is very high-level and addresses all aspects of security. The IRM policy should address the following items:
Objectives of IRM team
Level of risk the company will accept and what is considered an acceptable risk (as defined in the previous article)
Formal processes of risk identification
Connection between the IRM policy and the organization's strategic planning processes Responsibilities that fall under IRM and the roles that are to fulfill them Mapping of risk to internal controls
Approach for changing staff behaviors and resource allocation in response to risk analysis Mapping of risks to performance targets and budgets
Key indicators to monitor the effectiveness of controls
Shon Harris provides a 10,000-foot view of the risk management process below:
A big question that companies have to deal with is, "What is enough security?" This can be restated as,
"What is our acceptable risk level?" These two questions have an inverse relationship. You can't know what constitutes enough security unless you know your necessary baseline risk level.
To set an enterprise-wide acceptable risk level for a company, a few things need to be investigated and understood. A company must understand its federal and state legal requirements, its regulatory requirements, its business drivers and objectives, and it must carry out a risk and threat analysis. (I will dig deeper into formalized risk analysis processes in a later article, but for now we will take a broad approach.) The result of these findings is then used to define the company's acceptable risk level, which is then outlined in security policies, standards, guidelines and procedures.
Although there are different methodologies for enterprise risk management, the core components of any risk analysis is made up of the following:
Identify company assets
Assign a value to each asset
Identify each asset's vulnerabilities and associated threats
Calculate the risk for the identified assets
Once these steps are finished, then the risk analysis team can identify the necessary countermeasures to mitigate the calculated risks, carry out cost/benefit analysis for these countermeasures and report to senior management their findings.
When we look at information security, there are several types of risk a corporation needs to be aware of and address properly. The following items touch on the major categories:
Physical damage Fire, water, vandalism, power loss, and natural disasters Human interaction Accidental or intentional action or inaction that can disrupt productivity Equipment malfunction Failure of systems and peripheral devices
Inside and outside attacks Hacking, cracking, and attacking
Misuse of data Sharing trade secrets, fraud, espionage, and theft
Loss of data Intentional or unintentional loss of information through destructive means Application error Computation errors, input errors, and buffer overflows The following answers are incorrect:
The process of eliminating the risk is not the best answer as risk cannot be totally eliminated.
The process of assessing the risks is also not the best answer.
The process of transferring risk is also not the best answer and is one of the ways of handling a risk after a risk analysis has been performed.
References:
Shon Harris , AIO v3 , Chapter 3: Security Management Practices , Page: 66-68 and
http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/tip/Understanding-risk
This is the basic process of risk management.
Risk is the possibility of damage happening and the ramifications of such damage should it occur.
Information risk management (IRM) is the process of identifying and assessing risk, reducing it to an acceptable level, and implementing the right mechanisms to maintain that level. There is no such thing as a 100 percent secure environment. Every environment has vulnerabilities and threats to a certain degree.
The skill is in identifying these threats, assessing the probability of them actually occurring and the damage they could cause, and then taking the right steps to reduce the overall level of risk in the environment to what the organization identifies as acceptable.
Proper risk management requires a strong commitment from senior management, a documented process that supports the organization's mission, an information risk management (IRM) policy and a delegated IRM team. Once you've identified your company's acceptable level of risk, you need to develop an information risk management policy.
The IRM policy should be a subset of the organization's overall risk management policy (risks to a company include more than just information security issues) and should be mapped to the organizational security policies, which lay out the acceptable risk and the role of security as a whole in the organization.
The IRM policy is focused on risk management while the security policy is very high-level and addresses all aspects of security. The IRM policy should address the following items:
Objectives of IRM team
Level of risk the company will accept and what is considered an acceptable risk (as defined in the previous article)
Formal processes of risk identification
Connection between the IRM policy and the organization's strategic planning processes Responsibilities that fall under IRM and the roles that are to fulfill them Mapping of risk to internal controls
Approach for changing staff behaviors and resource allocation in response to risk analysis Mapping of risks to performance targets and budgets
Key indicators to monitor the effectiveness of controls
Shon Harris provides a 10,000-foot view of the risk management process below:
A big question that companies have to deal with is, "What is enough security?" This can be restated as,
"What is our acceptable risk level?" These two questions have an inverse relationship. You can't know what constitutes enough security unless you know your necessary baseline risk level.
To set an enterprise-wide acceptable risk level for a company, a few things need to be investigated and understood. A company must understand its federal and state legal requirements, its regulatory requirements, its business drivers and objectives, and it must carry out a risk and threat analysis. (I will dig deeper into formalized risk analysis processes in a later article, but for now we will take a broad approach.) The result of these findings is then used to define the company's acceptable risk level, which is then outlined in security policies, standards, guidelines and procedures.
Although there are different methodologies for enterprise risk management, the core components of any risk analysis is made up of the following:
Identify company assets
Assign a value to each asset
Identify each asset's vulnerabilities and associated threats
Calculate the risk for the identified assets
Once these steps are finished, then the risk analysis team can identify the necessary countermeasures to mitigate the calculated risks, carry out cost/benefit analysis for these countermeasures and report to senior management their findings.
When we look at information security, there are several types of risk a corporation needs to be aware of and address properly. The following items touch on the major categories:
Physical damage Fire, water, vandalism, power loss, and natural disasters Human interaction Accidental or intentional action or inaction that can disrupt productivity Equipment malfunction Failure of systems and peripheral devices
Inside and outside attacks Hacking, cracking, and attacking
Misuse of data Sharing trade secrets, fraud, espionage, and theft
Loss of data Intentional or unintentional loss of information through destructive means Application error Computation errors, input errors, and buffer overflows The following answers are incorrect:
The process of eliminating the risk is not the best answer as risk cannot be totally eliminated.
The process of assessing the risks is also not the best answer.
The process of transferring risk is also not the best answer and is one of the ways of handling a risk after a risk analysis has been performed.
References:
Shon Harris , AIO v3 , Chapter 3: Security Management Practices , Page: 66-68 and
http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/tip/Understanding-risk
Question 8
Which of the following is defined as an Internet, IPsec, key-establishment protocol, partly based on OAKLEY, that is intended for putting in place authenticated keying material for use with ISAKMP and for other security associations?
Correct Answer: A
RFC 2828 (Internet Security Glossary) defines IKE as an Internet, IPsec,
key-establishment protocol (partly based on OAKLEY) that is intended for putting in place
authenticated keying material for use with ISAKMP and for other security associations,
such as in AH and ESP.
The following are incorrect answers:
SKIP is a key distribution protocol that uses hybrid encryption to convey session keys that
are used to encrypt data in IP packets.
The Key Exchange Algorithm (KEA) is defined as a key agreement algorithm that is similar
to the Diffie-Hellman algorithm, uses 1024-bit asymmetric keys, and was developed and
formerly classified at the secret level by the NSA.
Security Association Authentication Protocol (SAAP) is a distracter.
Reference(s) used for this question:
SHIREY, Robert W., RFC2828: Internet Security Glossary, may 2000.
key-establishment protocol (partly based on OAKLEY) that is intended for putting in place
authenticated keying material for use with ISAKMP and for other security associations,
such as in AH and ESP.
The following are incorrect answers:
SKIP is a key distribution protocol that uses hybrid encryption to convey session keys that
are used to encrypt data in IP packets.
The Key Exchange Algorithm (KEA) is defined as a key agreement algorithm that is similar
to the Diffie-Hellman algorithm, uses 1024-bit asymmetric keys, and was developed and
formerly classified at the secret level by the NSA.
Security Association Authentication Protocol (SAAP) is a distracter.
Reference(s) used for this question:
SHIREY, Robert W., RFC2828: Internet Security Glossary, may 2000.
Question 9
Which of the following backup sites is the most effective for disaster recovery?
Correct Answer: B
Section: Risk, Response and Recovery
Explanation/Reference:
A hot site has the equipment, software and communications capabilities to facilitate a recovery within a few minutes or hours following the notification of a disaster to the organization's primary site. With the exception of providing your own hot site, commercial hot sites provide the greatest protection. Most will allow you up to six weeks to restore your sites if you declare a disaster. They also permit an annual amount of time to test the Disaster Plan.
The following answers are incorrect:
Cold sites. Cold sites are empty computer rooms consisting only of environmental systems, such as air conditioning and raised floors, etc. They do not meet the requirements of most regulators and boards of directors that the disaster plan be tested at least annually.
Reciprocal Agreement. Reciprocal agreements are not contracts and cannot be enforced. You cannot force someone you have such an agreement with to provide processing to you. Government regulators do not accept reciprocal agreements as valid disaster recovery backup sites.
Time Brokers. Time Brokers promise to deliver processing time on other systems. They charge a fee, but cannot guaranty that processing will always be available, especially in areas that experienced multiple disasters.
The following reference(s) were/was used to create this question:
ISC2 OIG, 2007 p368
Shon Harris AIO v3. p.710
Explanation/Reference:
A hot site has the equipment, software and communications capabilities to facilitate a recovery within a few minutes or hours following the notification of a disaster to the organization's primary site. With the exception of providing your own hot site, commercial hot sites provide the greatest protection. Most will allow you up to six weeks to restore your sites if you declare a disaster. They also permit an annual amount of time to test the Disaster Plan.
The following answers are incorrect:
Cold sites. Cold sites are empty computer rooms consisting only of environmental systems, such as air conditioning and raised floors, etc. They do not meet the requirements of most regulators and boards of directors that the disaster plan be tested at least annually.
Reciprocal Agreement. Reciprocal agreements are not contracts and cannot be enforced. You cannot force someone you have such an agreement with to provide processing to you. Government regulators do not accept reciprocal agreements as valid disaster recovery backup sites.
Time Brokers. Time Brokers promise to deliver processing time on other systems. They charge a fee, but cannot guaranty that processing will always be available, especially in areas that experienced multiple disasters.
The following reference(s) were/was used to create this question:
ISC2 OIG, 2007 p368
Shon Harris AIO v3. p.710
Question 10
The Diffie-Hellman algorithm is primarily used to provide which of the following?
Correct Answer: B
Section: Cryptography
Explanation/Reference:
Diffie and Hellman describe a means for two parties to agree upon a shared secret in such a way that the secret will be unavailable to eavesdroppers. This secret may then be converted into cryptographic keying material for other (symmetric) algorithms. A large number of minor variants of this process exist. See RFC
2631 Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement Method for more details.
In 1976, Diffie and Hellman were the first to introduce the notion of public key cryptography, requiring a system allowing the exchange of secret keys over non-secure channels. The Diffie-Hellman algorithm is used for key exchange between two parties communicating with each other, it cannot be used for encrypting and decrypting messages, or digital signature.
Diffie and Hellman sought to address the issue of having to exchange keys via courier and other unsecure means. Their efforts were the FIRST asymmetric key agreement algorithm. Since the Diffie-Hellman algorithm cannot be used for encrypting and decrypting it cannot provide confidentiality nor integrity. This algorithm also does not provide for digital signature functionality and thus non-repudiation is not a choice.
NOTE: The DH algorithm is susceptible to man-in-the-middle attacks.
KEY AGREEMENT VERSUS KEY EXCHANGE
A key exchange can be done multiple way. It can be done in person, I can generate a key and then encrypt the key to get it securely to you by encrypting it with your public key. A Key Agreement protocol is done over a public medium such as the internet using a mathematical formula to come out with a common value on both sides of the communication link, without the ennemy being able to know what the common agreement is.
The following answers were incorrect:
All of the other choices were not correct choices
Reference(s) used for this question:
Shon Harris, CISSP All In One (AIO), 6th edition . Chapter 7, Cryptography, Page 812.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffie%E2%80%93Hellman_key_exchange
http://www.google.com/patents?vid=4200770
Explanation/Reference:
Diffie and Hellman describe a means for two parties to agree upon a shared secret in such a way that the secret will be unavailable to eavesdroppers. This secret may then be converted into cryptographic keying material for other (symmetric) algorithms. A large number of minor variants of this process exist. See RFC
2631 Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement Method for more details.
In 1976, Diffie and Hellman were the first to introduce the notion of public key cryptography, requiring a system allowing the exchange of secret keys over non-secure channels. The Diffie-Hellman algorithm is used for key exchange between two parties communicating with each other, it cannot be used for encrypting and decrypting messages, or digital signature.
Diffie and Hellman sought to address the issue of having to exchange keys via courier and other unsecure means. Their efforts were the FIRST asymmetric key agreement algorithm. Since the Diffie-Hellman algorithm cannot be used for encrypting and decrypting it cannot provide confidentiality nor integrity. This algorithm also does not provide for digital signature functionality and thus non-repudiation is not a choice.
NOTE: The DH algorithm is susceptible to man-in-the-middle attacks.
KEY AGREEMENT VERSUS KEY EXCHANGE
A key exchange can be done multiple way. It can be done in person, I can generate a key and then encrypt the key to get it securely to you by encrypting it with your public key. A Key Agreement protocol is done over a public medium such as the internet using a mathematical formula to come out with a common value on both sides of the communication link, without the ennemy being able to know what the common agreement is.
The following answers were incorrect:
All of the other choices were not correct choices
Reference(s) used for this question:
Shon Harris, CISSP All In One (AIO), 6th edition . Chapter 7, Cryptography, Page 812.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffie%E2%80%93Hellman_key_exchange
http://www.google.com/patents?vid=4200770
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