Explanation/Reference:
The Internet Security Glossary (RFC2828) defines an attribute certificate as a digital certificate that binds a set of descriptive data items, other than a public key, either directly to a subject name or to the identifier of another certificate that is a public-key certificate. A public-key certificate binds a subject name to a public key value, along with information needed to perform certain cryptographic functions. Other attributes of a subject, such as a security clearance, may be certified in a separate kind of digital certificate, called an attribute certificate. A subject may have multiple attribute certificates associated with its name or with each of its public-key certificates.
Source: SHIREY, Robert W., RFC2828: Internet Security Glossary, may 2000.

Data mining is used to reveal hidden relationships, patterns and trends by running queries on large data stores.
Data mining is the act of collecting and analyzing large quantities of information to determine patterns of use or behavior and use those patterns to form conclusions about past, current, or future behavior. Data mining is typically used by large organizations with large databases of customer or consumer behavior. Retail and credit companies will use data mining to identify buying patterns or trends in geographies, age groups, products, or services. Data mining is essentially the statistical analysis of general information in the absence of specific data.
The following are incorrect answers:
They are incorrect as they all apply to Protecting Objects and the data within them. Layering, abstraction and data hiding are related concepts that can work together to produce modular software that implements an organizations security policies and is more reliable in operation.
Layering is incorrect. Layering assigns specific functions to each layer and communication between layers is only possible through well-defined interfaces. This helps preclude tampering in violation of security policy. In computer programming, layering is the organization of programming into separate functional components that interact in some sequential and hierarchical way, with each layer usually having an interface only to the layer above it and the layer below it.
Abstraction is incorrect. Abstraction "hides" the particulars of how an object functions or stores information and requires the object to be manipulated through well-defined interfaces that can be designed to enforce security policy. Abstraction involves the removal of characteristics from an entity in order to easily represent its essential properties.
Data hiding is incorrect. Data hiding conceals the details of information storage and manipulation within an object by only exposing well defined interfaces to the information rather than the information itslef. For example, the details of how passwords are stored could be hidden inside a password object with exposed interfaces such as check_password, set_password, etc. When a password needs to be verified, the test password is passed to the check_password method and a boolean (true/false) result is returned to indicate if the password is correct without revealing any details of how/where the real passwords are stored. Data hiding maintains activities at different security levels to separate these levels from each other.
The following reference(s) were used for this question:
Hernandez CISSP, Steven (2012-12-21). Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP CBK, Third Edition ((ISC)2 Press) (Kindle Locations 27535-27540). Auerbach Publications. Kindle Edition. and Hernandez CISSP, Steven (2012-12-21). Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP CBK, Third Edition ((ISC)2 Press) (Kindle Locations 4269-4273). Auerbach Publications. Kindle Edition.

BootP was developed as a simple mechanism for allowing simple network terminals to load their operating system from a server over the LAN. Over time, it has expanded to allow centralized configuration of many aspects of a host's identity and behavior on the network. Note that DHCP, more complex, has replaced BootP over time. Source: STREBE, Matthew and PERKINS, Charles, Firewalls 24seven, Sybex 2000, Chapter 4: Sockets and Services from a Security Viewpoint.

Explanation/Reference:
Transmission on fiber optic wire requires repeating at distance intervals. The glass fiber requires more protection within an outer cable than copper. For these reasons and because the installation of any new wiring is labor-intensive, few communities yet have fiber optic wires or cables from the phone company's branch office to local customers (local loop).
In telephony, a local loop is the wired connection from a telephone company's central office in a locality to its customers' telephones at homes and businesses. This connection is usually on a pair of copper wires called twisted pair. The system was originally designed for voice transmission only using analog transmission technology on a single voice channel. Today, your computer's modem makes the conversion between analog signals and digital signals. With Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) or Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), the local loop can carry digital signals directly and at a much higher bandwidth than they do for voice only.
Local Loop diagram

Image from: http://www.thenetworkencyclopedia.com/entry/local-loop/
The following are incorrect answers:
New loop This is only a detractor and does not exist
Loopback In telephone systems, a loopback is a test signal sent to a network destination that is returned as received to the originator. The returned signal may help diagnose a problem.
Ingenious loop This is only a detractor and does not exist
Reference(s) used for this question:
http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/local-loop
and
STEINER, Kurt, Telecommunications and Network Security, Version 1, May 2002, CISSP Open Study Group (Domain Leader: skottikus), Page 14.

Section: Access Control
Explanation/Reference:
GyN19Za! would be the the best answer because it contains a mixture of upper and lower case characters, alphabetic and numeric characters, and a special character making it less vulnerable to password attacks.
All of the other answers are incorrect because they are vulnerable to brute force or dictionary attacks.
Passwords should not be common words or names. The addition of a number to the end of a common word only marginally strengthens it because a common password attack would also check combinations of words:
Christmas23
Christmas123
etc...