All of the four following exotic options are path-independent options, EXCEPT:

A credit analyst wants to determine a good pricing strategy to compensate for credit decisions that might have
been made incorrectly. When analyzing her credit portfolio, the analyst focuses on the spreads in each loan to
determine if they are sufficient to compensate the bank for all of the following costs and risks EXCEPT.

Which of the following risk measures are based on the underlying assumption that interest rates across all
maturities change by exactly the same amount?
I. Present value of a basis point.
II. Yield volatility.
III. Macaulay's duration.
IV. Modified duration.

What is a common implicit assumption that is made when computing VaR using parametric methods?

Using the definitions used by JPMorgan Chase in their annual report, which of the following exposure types
would be considered as a non-trading risk exposure?
I. Short term equity investments
II. Loans held to maturity
III. Mortgage servicing rights
IV. Derivatives used to manage asset/liability exposure.