This question is intended to let students know about how contractual clauses regarding ethical issues is constructed. The exam paper may not ask about this.
"Each Party hereby undertakes that, at the date of the entering into force of the Contract, itself, its directors, officers or employees have not offered, promised, given, authorized, solicited or accepted any undue pecuniary or other advantage of any kind in any way connected with the Contract and that it has taken reasonable measures to prevent subcontractors, agents or any other third parties, subject to its control or determining influence, from doing so.": This is a clause addressing fraud, bribery and corruption. It is created to prevent any undue act by contracting parties. You may find other anti-corruption clause samples in this document.
"Nothing in this Agreement shall prevent a Party from utilizing the services of any subcontractor as it deems appropriate to perform its obligations under this Agreement; provided, however, that each Party shall require its subcontractors to comply with all applicable terms and conditions of this Agreement in providing such services and each Party shall remain primarily liable to the other Party for the performance of such subcontractor.": This clause is used to control the subcontracting and subcontractors.
"Customer will be responsible for and shall ensure that while Service Provider employees, agents or contractors are on Customer's premises, all proper and legal health and safety precautions are in place and fully operational to protect such persons.": This clause is used to ensure health and safety standards.
"The Company has undertaken commercially reasonable efforts to eliminate Conflict Minerals from each Company Product and any products currently proposed to be manufactured by the Company or on its behalf in the future. "Conflict Minerals" means columbite-tantalite (coltan), cassiterite, gold, wolframite, or their derivatives, which originate in the Democratic Republic of the Congo or other country the exploitation and trade of which is determined by the United States to be financing conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo or other country.": This is a clause addressing conflict minerals.
Reference:
LO 3, AC 3.2

Procurement staff in the Hospital is forcing suppliers into fixed price contract. If the costs generally rise, supplier may operate at a loss. This situation can disrupt the relationship, that is the reason why some suppliers refusing to deal with BDH and a few going out of business mid-way.
Alternative methods could be variable pricing arrangement. This method would reimburse the fluctuation of market price. It will also benefit buyer if the market price drops. This type of arrangement should be applied to long-term contracts (i.e. 18 months or more).
Reference:
LO 3, AC 3.3

The Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 (c 50) is an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom which regulates contracts by restricting the operation and legality of some contract terms. It extends to nearly all forms of contract and one of its most important functions is limiting the applicability of disclaimers of liability. The terms extend to both actual contract terms and notices that are seen to constitute a contractual obligation.
Under this regulation, if a clause within the standard terms in use is considered as 'unfair', the clause will be ineffective (or the other party will be entitled to avoid the clause). At court, the clause that is deemed to be unfair will undergo a 'reasonableness' test or an 'unfairness' test.
Reference:
- Maybe your standard terms are ineffective. Here's why
- CIPS study guide page 135
LO 3, AC 3.1

A quotation and a tender are both firm offers which have legal standing to the offeror. Tenders are more detailed than quotations and will include quality aspects as well as prices.
LO 1, AC 1.1 & AC 1.2

Service level agreement often sets out the minimum quality standards of the services provided, remedies if that standards are not met, consequences if the targets are exceeded. Penalty clauses and service credits are remedies that are often used in conjunction with service level agreement to ensure the performance and to compensate the purchaser if targets are not met.
Reference:
LO 2, AC 2.2