Explanation
Rating agencies target both accuracy and stability when they assign ratings. These two objectives can sometimes conflict, so a balance needs to be struck between the two. Rating agencies do not target anyparticular 'accuracy ratio' or rankings. Therefore Choice 'c' is the correct answer.

Explanation
An error rate of 10 basis points means the number of errors expected in a day will be 15 (recall that 100 basis points = 1%). Therefore the total number of errors expected in a year will be 15 x250 = 3750. Choice 'a' is the correct answer.

Explanation
Note that marginal probabilities of default are the probabilities for default for a given period, conditional on survival till the end of the previous period. Cumulative probabilities of default are probabilities of default by a point in time, regardless of when the default occurs. If the marginal probabilities of default for periods 1, 2... n are p1, p2...pn, then cumulative probability of default can be calculated as Cn = 1 - (1 - p1)(1-p2)...(1-pn).
For this question, we can calculate the marginal probability of default for year 2 by solving the equation [1 - (1
- 20%)(1 - P2) = 45%] for P2. Solving, we get the marginal probability of default during year 2 as 31.25%.
Since this is the annual marginal probability of default, we will need to convert it to a monthly number, which we can do by solving the following equation where M1 is the monthly marginal probability of default.
1 - 31.25% = (1 - M1)^12, implying M1 = 3.07%

Explanation
The three pillars under Basel II are minimum capital requirements, supervisory review process and market discipline. Therefore statement I is false. The other two statements are accurate. Therefore Choice 'd' is the correct answer.

Explanation
Volatility clustering leads to levels of current volatility that can be significantly different from long run averages.When volatility is running high, institutions need to shed risk, and when it is running low, they can afford to increase returns by taking on more risk for a given amount of capital. An institution's response to changes in volatility can be either to adjust risk, or capital, or both. Accounting for volatility clustering helps institutions manage their risk and capital and therefore statements I and II are correct.
Regulatory requirements do not require volatility clustering to be taken into account (at least not yet).
Therefore statement III is not correct, and neither is IV which is completely unrelated to volatility clustering.