Appraisal costs are part of the cost of quality (COQ) methodology. They include expenses incurred to determine the degree of conformance to quality requirements. These costs are associated with evaluating and assessing the quality of products or services. Here are some examples of appraisal costs:
* Verification: This involves checking incoming materials, process setups, and finished products against agreed-upon specifications.
* Quality audits: Organizations perform quality audits to confirm that their quality systems are functioning correctly.
* Supplier rating: Assessing and approving suppliers of products and services to ensure they meet quality standards.
In summary, appraisal costs are essential for ensuring that products and services meet quality specifications and standards. By investing in appraisal activities, organizations can identify and address quality issues early, leading to better overall quality and customer satisfaction1.
: 1What is Cost of Quality (COQ)? | ASQ

Ship-to-stock (STS) systems are used to streamline the transfer of goods between ships. Let's break down the key phases:
* Candidacy: This stage includes all the preparations required before approaching the port of operation. It involves obtaining permission from local authorities, creating a Joint Plan of Operation based on risk assessment, considering environmental conditions, available water space, communication, crew training, vessel size, and cargo risk factors. Ballasting/deballasting operations are also completed during this stage.
* Qualification: During the approach and mooring stage, detailed calculations are conducted considering environmental conditions, vessel size, and arrangements. Controlled speed and effective use of available means (such as tug boats, line boats, and fenders) are essential for safe berthing. An officer experienced in STS operations should be appointed to control the conduct of the operation.
* Maintenance: Once the berthing phase begins, the "Guide" vessel (usually the larger ship) steers the
"Lightering Course" at steady revs to maintain the "lightering speed." Yokohama fenders are used, and STS procedures must be thoroughly understood aboard both ships by the Master.
In summary, the STS system involves careful planning, safe berthing, and effective control to ensure successful cargo transfer between ships.
:
Procedures: Step-by-step stages of a proper STS transfer1.
STS Operation (Ship to Ship Transfer Operations) | Marine Teacher2.
The ASQ Certified Manager of Quality/Organizational Excellence Handbook3.