Explanation: Fernando is owed reporting pay. He has been asked to come in at a certain time, so he should not be penalized or uncompensated simply because the boss has made an error. Typically, reporting pay is less than a full day's wage. Oncall pay is given to employees who may be called in to deal with an emergency at any time. Not all employees who are on call are paid for it. Employees who are forced to return to work either before or after their allotted time may be eligible for callback pay. Shift pay, finally, is the compensation associated with the employee's normal work schedule.

Explanation: Interestbased bargaining results when both sides acknowledge that they have a strong motivation in the continuity of business activities, and thus proceed in negotiations with this acknowledgement. Positional bargaining results when each side establishes a clear position and aims to achieve the goal or goals of that position. Integrative bargaining results when the different sides agree to compromise on certain issues by taking the big picture into account. Distributive bargaining is another name for positional bargaining.

Explanation: In Taxman v. Board of Education of Piscataway (1993), the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit ruled that protected classes may not be given preferential treatment during layoffs if they have not been discriminated against or underrepresented before. This case was based on a New Jersey school board's decision to lay off a white employee instead of a black colleague with the exact same amount of seniority. The white teacher charged reverse discrimination, and the Third Circuit agreed that the school board's decision was a violation of Title VII. This case was settled before it could reach the Supreme Court on appeal.

Explanation: A brownbag lunch is an example of bottomup communication. Bottomup communication is directed from employees to managers. It is important for employees to have a chance to share their ideas and problems with more senior officials. A brownbag lunch is an informal mealtime gathering of executives and lowerlevel employees. The other answer choices are forms of topdown communication, or communication directed from managers to lowerlevel employees.

Explanation: Governmental barriers were identified as part of the need for the Glass Ceiling Act of 1991. Recruitment and corporate barriers fall under the category of internal structural barriers; educational barriers fall under the category of societal barriers.